Module 6: First Aid
In this module, you will learn how to deal with different types of injuries: bleeding, sprains and strains, hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar), heat stroke, choking, asthma, burns, allergic reactions and how to perform CPR. If you have already had (or will have before the summer school starts) first aid training, either with SKOLA or with a different centre, you can skip this module and do the quiz directly:
All the injuries should be recorded in the Incident Report Form and reported to the DSL. Call the First Aider immediately if a student has a cut on their face, hits their head, or if it is a situation you are not 100% sure on how to handle. The parent of the student should always be informed of any injuries or knocks (no matter how 'small').
Body fluids such as blood, vomit and urine can carry infections. Before giving first aid, it is important to take steps to minimise the risk of cross-contamination between you and the casualty.
Before Performing First Aid:
PPE - Personal Protective Equipment
Where possible, you need to:
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Wash your hands before and after giving first aid
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Wear protective gloves
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Try not to cough or sneeze over a wound while you are treating a casualty
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Dispose of all waste safely
NOTE: If you accidentally prick or cut your skin or splash your eyes, wash the area thoroughly and seek medical help immediately.
We have first aid kits at SKOLA. Learn how to put on Personal Protective Equipment.
Your Safety First
Before doing anything, slow down and take a moment to focus on your basic plan of action in any emergency:
These include:
Assessing the situation - finding out what happened will help you decide what action you need to take next
Making the area safe - is there any continuing danger? This could include danger from fire, traffic, chemicals, debris, or a dangerous person
Getting help from others - can other people nearby help you? You may want them to help make the area safe, call the emergency services, or bring equipment such as a first aid kit or AED
Finding out who needs help - how many casualties are there and is anyone’s life in immediate danger?
Calling the emergency services - which emergency services do you need and do you know your exact location.
DO NOT attempt to be a hero in hazardous circumstances. In an emergency situation, YOU are the most important person; if you become a casualty you will not be able to help anyone else.
Consent
At SKOLA, we have consent/permission to give first aid to students because we are their guardians when they are at SKOLA.
DR.ABC - Primary Survey
In First Aid we use the Primary and Secondary survey to find out which problems are most urgent so that we can deal with these first.
By following each step you can identify each life-threatening injury or condition and deal with it in order of priority.
The letters DR. ABC are an easy way to remember the 5 steps of the Primary Survey.
D - Danger: Is there any danger to yourself, the casualty or anyone else at the scene? Remember YOU are the most important person. You cannot help anyone else if you become injured.
R - Response: Is the casualty conscious? Gently tap each shoulder (or foot if the casualty is an infant) and say loudly "Are you alright? Open your eyes." If they respond by answering or moving:
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Leave them in the position in which you find them (provided they are not in further danger)
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Check their condition and get help if needed
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Reassess regularly
If there is no response SHOUT for help. DO NOT leave them at this stage. You can measure their level of consciousness using the AVPU scale:
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A (Alert)- they are alert and responding to you normally
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V (verbal) – they are not fully awake and only respond to verbal stimuli
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P (Pressure or Pain) – they are difficult to rouse and only respond to physical stimuli
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U (Unresponsive) – they are completely unconscious with no response
Important: If there is more than one injured casualty, any unconscious (silent) casualties take priority and need urgent treatment
A - Airway: Make sure there is a clear Airway. Carefully open the airway by gently tilting the head back with one hand on the child's forehead. Lift the chin by placing 2 fingers under the point of the chin. For an infant be careful not to over-extend the neck, as this will close the airway

B - 呼吸:观察、聆听并感受正常呼吸,持续 10 秒。同时寻找生命迹象(例如任何动作或咳嗽)。
注意:心脏骤停后的最初几分钟内,您可能会听到不频繁、嘈杂的喘息声。这些被称为“濒死”喘息,与正常呼吸不同。
如有疑问,立即开始心肺复苏
如果他们呼吸正常:
考虑将他们侧卧,进入恢复体位(在课程后面的“恢复体位”课程中了解更多信息),或通过头部倾斜——抬下巴保持呼吸道畅通
寻求帮助——尽可能用手机拨打 999 或 112。只有在没有其他方式获得帮助时才离开
检查是否继续正常呼吸
何时寻求帮助:
如果有多名救援人员在场且他们有手机,请确保他们已拨打 999 或 112 寻求紧急帮助。如果可能,他们应启动扬声器功能。
如果没有手机,一个人应该开始心肺复苏,另一个人去寻求帮助并携带 AED(如果有)
如果您独自一人,并且有手机,请拨打 999 或 112,并在进行最初 5 次人工呼吸后立即启动扬声器功能。等待答复时继续进行胸部按压
如果您没有带手机,请先进行约 1 分钟的复苏,然后再寻求帮助。为了尽量减少心肺复苏的中断,在寻求帮助时可以抱着婴儿或幼儿
C - 循环:识别并治疗任何危及生命的循环问题,如严重出血或过敏反应
用于急救
心肺复苏
如果患者失去意识,没有呼吸,或者呼吸不正常,请开始心肺复苏。如果有人在你身边,请让他们拨打 999 并找到除颤器 (AED)。
进行心肺复苏时,您可能会折断他们的肋骨,请记住,听到肋骨断裂的声音时不要停止,因为呼吸比骨折更重要。如果您在对某人进行心肺复苏时造成任何身体伤害,您也不会被起诉。

受伤
Spinal Injury
If you think someone may have a spinal injury:
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DO NOT attempt to move them (unless they are in immediate danger)
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DO NOT put them in the recovery position(how to do recovery position) until the emergency services reach you (unless their airway is obstructed).
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Call SKOLA First Aiders and 999 immediately
Someone may have spinal injury if they:
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Has a head injury, especially one where there has been a large blow on the back of the head, and is or has been unconscious
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Has fallen from a height (e.g from a horse/roof/ladder)
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Has dived into shallow water
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Has been involved in a high speed incident
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Has been involved in a crush/collapse incident such as a rugby scrum
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Complains of severe pain in their neck or back
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Won’t move their neck
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Feels weak, numb or paralysed
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Has lost control of their limbs, bladder or bowels
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Has a twisted neck or back
Choking
If you can see the object clearly at the front of the child's mouth, try to remove it.
Important: Don’t poke blindly with your fingers. You could make things worse by pushing the object in further.
If you cannot remove it, you should follow these steps:
1. Encourage the child to cough:
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If the child is coughing effectively (fully responsive, loud cough, taking a breath before coughing, still crying, or speaking), there is no need to do anything
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Encourage them to carry on coughing and don’t leave them
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Try to stay calm and reassure the child
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If the child’s coughing is becoming ineffective and their condition is deteriorating (signs of decreasing consciousness, a quiet cough, an inability to breathe or vocalise or cyanosis*), ask someone to call 999 or 112 for emergency help. If you are alone and have a mobile phone, use the speaker function if you can do this at the same time as giving treatment
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If the obstruction is not cleared move to the next step
2. Give up to 5 back blows
3. Give up to 5 to abdominal thrusts
4. Repeat the cycle of back blows and abdominal thrusts:
If the obstruction is not cleared:
Continue the cycle of 5 back blows and 5 abdominal thrusts whilst the child is still responsive
Important: If the child becomes unresponsive, start CPR Airway opening:
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When you open the airway to give rescue breaths, look to see if there is anything in the mouth
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If an object is seen, attempt to remove it with a single finger sweep
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Do not attempt blind or repeated finger sweeps
Please watch this video to understand how to perform step 2 and 3 accurately: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fN_jrMrPLpY

Allergies and Anaphylaxis
Some of the most common allergens include:
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Grass and tree pollen (hay fever)
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Dust mites
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Animal dander (tiny flakes of skin or hair)
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Food allergy (particularly fruits, seafood and nuts)
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Medicines (including antibiotics such as penicillin)
Symptoms of an allergy are often mild and can include:
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Sneezing
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Wheezing
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Itchy eyes
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Skin rashes
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Swelling
Anaphylaxis (or anaphylactic shock) is a severe allergic reaction.
The reaction can be very fast, happening within seconds or minutes of contact with the thing a person is allergic to.
When anaphylaxis occurs, a chemical called histamine is over-produced, causing one or more life-threatening Airway, Breathing or Circulation problems.
Treatment for Allergies
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If possible, remove the allergen and flush the area of contact.
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Give the child allergy medication such as an antihistamine.
Signs and Symptoms of Anaphylaxis
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Blotchy skin rash or flushing
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Swelling of the tongue and/or throat
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Difficulty in swallowing or speaking
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Vocal changes (hoarse voice)
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Wheeze or persistent cough or severe asthma
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Difficult or noisy breathing
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Stomach cramps or vomiting after an insect sting
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Dizziness / collapse / loss of consciousness
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Sense of impending doom
Treatment of Anaphylaxis
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Remember to stay as calm as possible so that you can reassure the child:
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Lie the child down and administer an adrenaline injection(if the child carries one with them) immediately. (Assist the child to use their auto injector, if they are able to)
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Call 999 for an ambulance and say ANAPHYLAXIS (if you mentioning "anaphylaxis", a ambulance will be dispatched faster)
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Raise their legs if they feel dizzy or faint or appear pale and sweating
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Raise their shoulders if they feel wheezy or short of breath
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If the child becomes unconscious, check Airway and Breathing and start CPR if necessary
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If the child has more than one auto-injector, the dose of adrenaline can be repeated at 5 minute intervals if there is no improvement
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Important: DO NOT stand the child up once they are lying down
Learn how to use EPIPEN and JEXT (two common types of adrenaline injection)
Insect Bites and Stings
Bites and Stings
An insect bites by making a hole in your skin to feed. Most insects sting as a defence, injecting venom into your skin. In the UK:
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Insects that bite include midges, mosquitoes, fleas and bedbugs
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Spiders, mites and ticks can also bite
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Insects that sting include bees, wasps and hornets
Signs and Symptoms of an insect bite or sting
Insect bites and stings can cause the skin around it to become red, swollen and itchy
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This can be painful, but it’s harmless in most cases
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The affected area will usually remain painful and itchy for a few days
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The severity of bites and stings varies depending on the type of insect involved and the sensitivity of the child
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In rare cases, some people can have a serious allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) to a bite or sting that requires immediate medical treatment.
NOTE: If there’s a lot of swelling and blistering, or if there’s pus, it’s advisable to seek medical advice.
Treating insect bites or stings
Most bites and stings can be treated by:
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Washing the affected area with soap and water
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Placing a cold compress (a flannel or cloth soaked in cold water) over the area to reduce swelling
If a child has been stung by a bee or a wasp:
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Reassure the child
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If the sting is visible, carefully scrape it off the skin with the edge of a credit card or the flat edge of a knife
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DO NOT use tweezers as you may push the poison further into the skin
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Elevate the injured area, if possible
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Apply a cold compress / icepack (or a flannel or cloth cooled with cold water) for 10 minutes to reduce swelling
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If the sting is in the mouth give an ice cube to suck on or sips of cool water
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Try to stop the child from scratching the area as it can become infected
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Check for severe allergic reaction
Check for severe allergic reaction
Dial 999 and ask for an ambulance if the child shows any of these symptoms after a bite or sting:
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Wheezing or difficulty breathing
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Nausea, vomiting or diarrhoea
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A fast heart rate
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Dizziness or feeling faint
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Difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia)
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Confusion, anxiety or agitation
External Bleeding
Sit or lie
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Help the casualty to sit or lie down and reassure them
Examine
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Examine the wound to look for embedded objects (do not remove an embedded object)
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Note how the wound is bleeding, so that you can describe it to medical staff when it is covered with a dressing
Pressure
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Apply continuous direct pressure over the wound with your fingers or palm of your hand to stop the bleeding. If available, place a sterile wound dressing or non fluffy, clean cloth pad over the wound and apply pressure over it.
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Once the bleeding is under control, secure the dressing or pad with a bandage. It needs to be tight enough to maintain pressure but not so tight that it restricts blood flow to the rest of the limb.
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If the dressing gets saturated with blood, remove it and make sure you are applying direct pressure to the exact point of bleeding. Only redress the wound once bleeding is controlled.
Infection Control
Before giving first aid:
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Wear gloves and aprons that are not thin, worn, or torn
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Wear two pairs of gloves if possible
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Wear a face mask, if possible
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Do not cough or sneeze onto the casualty’s wounds
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Use sterile bandages and dressings
After giving first aid:
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If you are accidentally cut and there is blood from the casualty near or in your cut, wash immediately, cover the wound and seek medical advice
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Gloves, aprons and soiled dressings should be double bagged and securely sealed before disposal, ideally in an orange clinical waste bag
Catastrophic Bleeding
If a casualty is losing blood so quickly that they are likely to die in minutes if nothing is done to stop it, you need to prioritise this above everything else.
Once the bleeding is under control you will be able to go back to your primary survey and check Airway, Breathing and Circulation (ABC).
Treatment of Catastrophic Bleeding – Wound Packing
Haemostatic Dressings:
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If a wound is deep and bloody and bleeding cannot be stopped with direct pressure you need to pack it - ideally with a haemostatic dressing.
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These dressings are treated with an agent or chemical that assists with the formation of blood clots and will stop the bleeding more quickly.
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If you don't have a haemostsatic dressing, use any bandages, gauze or clean cloth available.
Note: Haemostatic dressings are not suitable for wounds to the chest, airway, eyes or the head if brain tissue is exposed
Wound Packing - Step by Step:
Suitable for deep wounds to the shoulders, armpit, buttocks and groin
DO NOT pack wounds to the neck, chest or abdomen
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Move any clothing away to expose the wound
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Place your gloved fingers — with or without a dressing — into the wound to apply initial pressure to the exact point of bleeding (the vein, artery or both). You may need to mop away excess blood to locate the source of the bleeding.
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Keeping pressure on the bleed, use your other hand to tightly pack the wound with a haemostatic dressing, bandages or other clean cloth
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Ensure the dressing or cloth reaches as deep into the cavity as possible and stuff to capacity
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Apply very firm direct pressure with both hands directly on top of the bleeding wound for at least 10 minutes (approximately 3 minutes if you are using a haemoststaic dressing)
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If bleeding is under control, secure the wound packing with another dressing
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Maintain pressure until medical help arrives. Inform medical professionals about the materials you have used to pack the wound
Use tourniquet:
A tourniquet is a band or strap that is wrapped very tightly above a wound to an arm or leg to apply pressure and stop severe bleeding. It should only be used for life-threatening bleeding that cannot be stopped by applying direct pressure.

如何使用自制止血带: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gufWXaljyII
如何使用临时止血带: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F83HXDoGvuU
要制作临时止血带,你需要:
临时绷带的长度应足以绕伤口至少一圈,宽度至少为 4 厘米,以防止损伤神经组织。这可以是三角绷带、围巾或其他衣物
用于收紧止血带和止血的临时绞盘,如一把强力剪刀、一把餐具或一根棍子
嵌入物体/碎片
如果伤口内嵌有物体,请勿将其取出,因为这可能会造成进一步伤害。该物体还可能止血。
如果孩子的伤口中嵌入了异物该怎么办:
使用无菌敷料和绷带在异物两侧包扎。将其加厚,避免对异物造成压力
用绷带卷或折叠三角绷带将衬垫牢牢固定。以交叉方式包扎绷带,避免对物体造成压力
带孩子去医院,以便安全取出异物

Removing splinters:
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Gently clean the area around the splinter with warm water and soap
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Use tweezers to grasp the splinter as close to the skin as possible
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Draw the splinter out in a straight line in the same direction it entered the skin, making sure it does not break off
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Carefully squeeze the wound to encourage a small drop of blood. This will help flush out remaining dirt
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Clean and dry the wound and cover with a plaster or other dressing
Important: Seek medical help if the splinter is too deeply embedded to remove or it lies over a joint
NOTE: If you are unsure if the child’s tetanus immunisation is up to date, you need to check with the GP.
Bruising
Bruising is bleeding under the skin and is normal in active children and occurs as a result of a bump or a fall.
However, if someone has excessive bruising or starts to bruise for no obvious reason, they should see a GP, as it can sometimes be a symptom of illness.
Treatment:
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Cool the area for about 10 minutes with cool running water or an ice pack wrapped in a towel
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Do not put the ice pack straight on to the skin, as this will be too cold and may hurt
Puncture wounds
Puncture wounds can be caused by accidents like standing on a nail, or being stabbed.
NOTE: They can cause deep internal wounds that only look small on the surface
Internal organs like the heart or lungs may be damaged and cause severe internal bleeding.
Treatment
Important: Call 999/112 for emergency help
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Apply direct pressure at the exact point of bleeding
If direct pressure does not stem the bleeding:
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Pack a deep wound with dressings*
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Use a tourniquet for wounds to a limb*
Important
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If the casualty has been stabbed, do not approach unless you are sure it is safe to do so.
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If the nail, knife or any other object is still in the wound, do not remove it as this could cause further bleeding. Follow the treatment for an embedded object.
Cuts and Grazes
If the cut or graze is bleeding heavily or is on a particularly delicate area of the child’s body, like the palm of the hand, you should stop the bleeding before applying any kind of dressing.
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Put on protective gloves, if available
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Clean the wound under running tap water. If this is not available, use saline or saline wipes from your first aid kit
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Do not use antiseptic because it may damage the tissue and slow down healing
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Apply a sterile adhesive dressing, such as a plaster
NOTE: The wound should heal by itself in a few days. Keep the dressing clean by changing it as often as necessary.
Eye Injuries
To treat a minor eye injury:
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Wash your hands thoroughly before touching the eyelids to examine or wash the eye. NOTE: Put gloves on, if possible
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Do not touch, press, or rub the eye itself, and try not to let the child touch their eye
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Tilt the child’s head to the side with the affected eye down
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Gently pour a steady stream of cool water from a jug or tap over the eye. If no running water is available, use clean bottled water or saline solution from your first aid kit. NOTE: Pour from the nose end of the eye to the outer corner
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Wash for up to 15 minutes, checking the eye every 5 minutes to see if the foreign body has been flushed out
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Take the child to see a doctor if irritation continues after washing, because a particle can scratch the cornea and cause an infection
To Treat Serious Eye Injuries
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Reassure the child and keep them still
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Gently place a sterile dressing over the injured eye and bandage in place if necessary
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Tell the child to close the other eye to minimise movement of the injured eye
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If there is embedded object in the eye, use sterile dressings and bandages around the object to keep it in place
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Call for emergency medical help or take the child to the nearest hospital
Ear Injuries
Bleeding from within the ear:
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Gently place a sterile gauze or pad over the ear, not inside the ear!
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Lay the child on their side so that the affected ear is on the ground. This will allow blood and fluids to drain away from the body
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Dial 999/112 immediately
Object in the ear:
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Reassure the child so that they remain calm
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Take them to the nearest Accident and Emergency Department or Walk in centre where the object can be safely removed.
DO NOT stick your finger or anything else in the ear
Nose Bleeds
To stop a nosebleed: Ask the child to sit down, lean forward and firmly pinch the soft part of the nose, for at least 10 to 15 minutes(only do this for the child if they consent, otherwise explain and demonstrate how to do this). Tell the child to breathe through their mouth.
Seek medical help if the bleeding has not stopped after 20 minutes

鼻内异物
幼儿经常将鹅卵石、珠子、食物或小玩具等物品放入鼻孔。大多数物品不会造成伤害 - 但是纽扣电池和磁铁可能非常危险。如果孩子吞下或将物品卡在鼻子或耳朵里,请立即将其送往最近的急诊室。
鼻内嵌物治疗:
安抚孩子,让他们保持冷静
切勿尝试自行移除物体,因为这可能会造成进一步的损坏(或者您可能会将其进一步推入)
不要将手指或其他任何东西伸入鼻子
带孩子去最近的急诊室、无需预约的急救中心或轻伤科,在那里可以安全地取出异物
如果孩子的鼻子被堵住了,向他们展示如何用嘴呼吸
扭伤(韧带)和拉伤(肌肉/肌腱)
如何治疗扭伤或拉伤
帮助伤者坐下或躺下,并以舒适的位置支撑受伤部位
用冷敷冷却该区域,每次不超过 20 分钟(您可以使用一袋冷冻豌豆或用毛巾包裹的冰块,以避免其直接接触皮肤并导致冰灼伤)。
将受伤部位抬高,以尽量减少瘀伤和肿胀
对于以下情况,请务必寻求医疗建议:
患肢无法承受重量
伤口周围麻木
感染迹象,如发烧或伤口周围出现红色条纹
剧烈疼痛或肿胀
受伤处周围骨头上方疼痛

Asthma
Signs and Symptoms
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Difficulty breathing
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Wheezy breath sounds, originating from the lungs
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Difficulty speaking (may take additional breaths in the middle of sentences)
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Pale, clammy skin
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Grey or blue lips and skin, if the attack is severe
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Using the muscles in their neck and chest to aid their breathing
NOTE: The child may become exhausted if the attack is severe – and may even become unconscious and stop breathing if the attack is prolonged.
Asthma relief
-
Most asthma casualties carry medication with them, usually an inhaler, to help relieve the condition.
-
Check the details with the child’s parents, if a child in your care has this condition.
NOTE: An asthma attack is a traumatic experience for any child, so it is important to keep the child calm and reassured.
Important: You should only lay down an asthma attack casualty if they are deeply unconscious.
Treatment for an asthma attack
-
Help the child to sit upright, even if they become too weak to sit up on their own
-
NOTE: It may help if they lean on a table or chair
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If the child has an inhaler, help them to use it
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They should take one puff of their reliever inhaler every 30 – 60 seconds for up to 10 puffs
-
Use a spacer device if available
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Call 999 or 112 for emergency help if they feel worse at any point or if they don’t feel better after 10 puffs
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If the ambulance has not arrived after 10 minutes and the symptoms are not improving, repeat up to 10 puffs of the inhaler
-
If the symptoms are still no better and the ambulance has not arrived, contact 999 or 112 again immediately
-
Try to distract the child with quiet conversation, keeping them calm and reassured
-
If the weather is cold, DO NOT take the child outside during an attack, as this could make the attack worse
-
Do not leave the child alone during an asthma attack
Learn how to use an inhaler and a spacer: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nNos-3wdTJU
Call 999/112 if you notice that the child has:
-
Severe breathing difficulties
-
An increased breathing rate (they’re too breathless to feed or talk) or ‘silent chest’ (you’re unable to hear sounds of breathing)
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A worsening cough or rasping sound (stridor)
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Distress and agitation
-
Dark, blue-tinged or pale skin
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Abnormal drowsiness and sleepiness
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A very high temperature
-
An inability to drink fluids
Hypoglycaemia - Low Blood Sugar
Common causes of low blood sugar include:
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Missing out a meal
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Not enough carbohydrate
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Over-exercising
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Taking more insulin or other diabetes medication than needed
Signs and symptoms of low blood sugar
-
These vary from person to person but the most common ones are:
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Trembling and feeling shaky
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Sweating
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Being anxious or irritable
-
Going pale
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Palpitations and a fast pulse
-
Lips feeling tingly
-
Blurred sight
-
Being hungry
-
Feeling tearful
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Tiredness
-
Having a headache
-
Lack of concentration
Treatment of low blood sugar
If the child is responsive, they need to eat or drink 15 to 20g of a fast-acting carbohydrate. - This could be 3 glucose or dextrose tablets, 5 jelly babies, a small glass of a sugary (non-diet) drink, a small carton of pure fruit juice or a tube of glucose gel
Important: If the child doesn’t respond to treatment within 10 minutes, or they become unmanageable, call 999/112 for emergency help
-
If they become unresponsive, check airway and breathing. If they are not breathing normally, start CPR
-
If they are breathing normally, put them in the recovery position and monitor airway and breathing until help arrives
-
Never give an unresponsive casualty anything to eat or drink

中暑
此时,身体不再能自行冷却,核心体温超过 40°C。
中暑是一种医疗紧急情况,如果核心体温不能迅速降低,可能导致严重的器官损伤和死亡。
中暑识别:
40°C 或以上的高温
皮肤干燥、发热、潮红
呕吐
困惑
迷失方向
癫痫发作(发作)
失去意识
治疗
将伤员从热源处移开
如需紧急帮助,请拨打 999 或 112
使用最快的方法迅速冷却伤员
这可能是:
将整个身体从颈部以下浸入冷水中。目标是达到不低于 39°C 的目标温度。一旦达到此温度,停止冷却。
冷水淋浴(或花园水管)
将大袋冰块放在颈部、腋窝和腹股沟处
如果这些方法都不可行,可使用冰袋、湿床单或毛巾、降温背心或扇风
如果出现以下情况,请拨打 999 或 112:
伤者在30分钟内对上述治疗无反应
伤者出现严重症状,如失去意识、精神错乱或癫痫发作
电击
该怎么办:
如果可能的话,关闭主电源,或拔掉电器插头,如果这导致了电击。
安全断开电源后,检查孩子的呼吸道和呼吸。
如果孩子还有呼吸,请治疗任何烧伤或受伤。
带孩子去医院检查,即使他们看起来已经康复了。
重要的:
电击会导致肌肉收缩,这可能会使孩子无法脱离与电的接触。
这意味着它们可能仍然带电,所以你必须小心,在确定电源已断开之前不要触摸它们。
请勿触摸任何金属或潮湿的东西。
如果孩子失去知觉,或者被电烧伤,请拨打 999/112 寻求紧急帮助。
烧伤和烫伤
皮肤有 3 层,我们根据受影响的皮肤层来定义烧伤:
浅表烧伤影响皮肤外层(表皮),通常由热水引起
部分厚度烧伤影响皮肤最上层 2 层(真皮和表皮)
全层烧伤影响皮肤的所有层直至皮下脂肪层和神经末梢。这是最严重的烧伤类型。

治疗烧伤和烫伤
立即将孩子移离热源,以停止燃烧
取下皮肤烧伤部位附近的尿布、衣服或首饰,但不要移动粘在皮肤上的任何东西
用冷水冷却烧伤或烫伤部位 20 分钟(如果没有水,可以使用任何冷的无害液体,例如牛奶)。
用松散的保鲜膜覆盖冷却后的烧伤或烫伤部位,纵向放置 - 丢弃前几层,以确保与皮肤接触的保鲜膜是干净的
保持孩子温暖,防止体温过低
对于轻微烧伤,保持烧伤处清洁,不要弄破形成的水泡
其他注意事项
如果您事先获得孩子的父母或监护人的书面许可,可以使用非处方药物(如扑热息痛混悬液)来缓解高烧和疼痛
不要用冰或冰水来冷却烧伤
不要涂抹任何乳液、软膏或油脂
请勿触摸烧伤处
不要用保鲜膜包裹四肢或其他烧伤部位,因为这可能会导致肿胀
不要将保鲜膜贴在面部烧伤处
注意:如果自来水(或其他无害液体)供应有限,请使用任何干净的湿无绒布(例如湿茶巾)进行冷水敷敷。
如果没有任何形式的液体,请用保鲜膜覆盖烧伤处并尽快冷却
何时就医
更严重的烧伤需要专业的医疗护理。
您应该去医院急诊科就诊:
所有化学烧伤和电烧伤
大面积或深度烧伤 – 任何面积大于 2.5cm2 的烧伤
各种大小的烧伤,导致皮肤变白或烧焦
手臂或腿部全范围烧伤
面部、手、臂、脚、腿或生殖器烧伤并出现水泡
如果孩子吸入了烟雾或烟气。一些症状可能会延迟出现,包括:咳嗽、喉咙痛、呼吸困难、面部烧伤